INCISED SKULL WITH WINGS
RED SANDSTONE WITH WHITE VEINING
SA
BEM AVENTURADO VARAO
D..VID HIZKIYAH DE ACOSTA
FOY APANADO ASEUS
EM 20 DE .....5444
A..LMA GOZE DA BEM
AVENTURA...SA
~T'N'TZ'B'H'HYYM~
CROSSED SPADES.
Tuesday, 25 December 2007
inscription 8;4
DA BEM AVENTURADA
SARAH MULHER
DE AL BUENO DE .........E..
QUITA FALE.......5
[EL] LLV 5450
T.N.TZ.B.CH.
SARAH MULHER
DE AL BUENO DE .........E..
QUITA FALE.......5
[EL] LLV 5450
T.N.TZ.B.CH.
inscription 8;1 and 8;3 The Mercado Family Tree
Row Eight, Stone One
(next to David aphael de Mercado)
DE SARAH FILHA
DE DAVID DE ISHAC
DE MERCADO FALE=
=CEO EM 22 KISLEF
AO 5446
HNTN ZE LKCH SHMO MVORACH
ENJUNTAMENTE MO
SEH FILHO DE DAVID
DE YSHAC DE MERCA
DO FALECEV EM 23
ELUL 5449
This is a double inscription on a small, cracked stone.
The family connections are as follows:
Dr Abraham de Mercado arrived in Barbados from Recife in 1655.
he had three sons:
1. Isaac de Mercado came to Barbados from Amsterdam. In 1675 he appears on a list of the Gevirim of Amsterdam. It is his children who are buried here.
He had another son, called David, who inherited from his uncle David Raphael de Mercado.
2. Moses Hiskia de Mercado - He served as Gabbai of K.K.N.I., but emigrated, and is buried in Altona, 1692.
3. David Raphael de Mercado, who married Gracia Louzada.
There is a David de Mercado buried in New York, thought to be David Raphael Mercado's grandson, however, the discovery of a previously unrecorded tombstone next to David Raphael's complicates matters:
SA
Do bem Aventurado ~
David de Mercado que foy
Deos Servido Recolher
para sy Em 11 de Menhahem
anno 5457 que corresponde
a 19 de Julio 1697
Sua Alma Gose da Gloria
t.n.tz.b.h.
(next to David aphael de Mercado)
DE SARAH FILHA
DE DAVID DE ISHAC
DE MERCADO FALE=
=CEO EM 22 KISLEF
AO 5446
HNTN ZE LKCH SHMO MVORACH
ENJUNTAMENTE MO
SEH FILHO DE DAVID
DE YSHAC DE MERCA
DO FALECEV EM 23
ELUL 5449
This is a double inscription on a small, cracked stone.
The family connections are as follows:
Dr Abraham de Mercado arrived in Barbados from Recife in 1655.
he had three sons:
1. Isaac de Mercado came to Barbados from Amsterdam. In 1675 he appears on a list of the Gevirim of Amsterdam. It is his children who are buried here.
He had another son, called David, who inherited from his uncle David Raphael de Mercado.
2. Moses Hiskia de Mercado - He served as Gabbai of K.K.N.I., but emigrated, and is buried in Altona, 1692.
3. David Raphael de Mercado, who married Gracia Louzada.
There is a David de Mercado buried in New York, thought to be David Raphael Mercado's grandson, however, the discovery of a previously unrecorded tombstone next to David Raphael's complicates matters:
SA
Do bem Aventurado ~
David de Mercado que foy
Deos Servido Recolher
para sy Em 11 de Menhahem
anno 5457 que corresponde
a 19 de Julio 1697
Sua Alma Gose da Gloria
t.n.tz.b.h.
inscription 7;1
Row Seven, Stone One
DA BEIM AVENTV
RADA
E
GOZAZA
DE
DYAS SARAH
LOPES DE ACOSTA
QUE FOY APANHA
DA ASEUS POVOS
EN 5 DE HESVAN
DE 5441 SVA ALMA
GOZE DA GLORYA
DA BEIM AVENTV
RADA
E
GOZAZA
DE
DYAS SARAH
LOPES DE ACOSTA
QUE FOY APANHA
DA ASEUS POVOS
EN 5 DE HESVAN
DE 5441 SVA ALMA
GOZE DA GLORYA
Final Decline - 1869 onward
All alterations to the Rules of KKNI had to be approved by the Island's Attorney General, as the congregation was not incorporated, but existed by virtue of an Act of the Legislature, and the regulations governing the Congregation needed approval (see documents at the start of this blog).
On 6 May 1869, only 8 contributing members of the Kaal remained on the Island ( This is not saying there were only eight Jews on the Island - there were more, but they were not members of the Kaal)
These remaining eight were:
Michael berber Isaacs
Joshua Levi
Solomon Berber Isaaca
Jacob Lindo
Benjamin Lobo
Daniel Lobo
Benjamin Cohen d' Azevedo
Edward S Daniels
The Legislature of Barbados allowed that six trustees be appointed, 2empowered to convey the property to the London Congregation for its own uses"
cf. Deeds Registry, Bridgetown, Volume 337, folo 895 et seq. dated 22 July 1905
also Volume 106 of 'Powers' (of attorney folio 420 et seq.
The Sale to yearwood is recorded in the Deeds registry Vol 513, folio 294
On 6 May 1869, only 8 contributing members of the Kaal remained on the Island ( This is not saying there were only eight Jews on the Island - there were more, but they were not members of the Kaal)
These remaining eight were:
Michael berber Isaacs
Joshua Levi
Solomon Berber Isaaca
Jacob Lindo
Benjamin Lobo
Daniel Lobo
Benjamin Cohen d' Azevedo
Edward S Daniels
The Legislature of Barbados allowed that six trustees be appointed, 2empowered to convey the property to the London Congregation for its own uses"
cf. Deeds Registry, Bridgetown, Volume 337, folo 895 et seq. dated 22 July 1905
also Volume 106 of 'Powers' (of attorney folio 420 et seq.
The Sale to yearwood is recorded in the Deeds registry Vol 513, folio 294
The Mortar Mix used in the restoration
After some experimentation, Evan Millner arrived at the following variation of the standard English Heritage Spec. Mortar Mix for architectural reconstruction: This mortar mix would be suitable in any hot climate.
lime 1 part
stone dust 1 part
sand 1 part
1 teacup of seived wood ash
Wood ash as pozzolan is not problematic in the Barbados climate, due to the constant heat. (Wood ash generally absorbs water, and in for example the damp cold English Winters, would ruin the plasterwork).
I examined plaster on a number of ancient buildings around the island over the course of my stay, and all the plaster observed had traces of wood ash clearly visible, sometimes not even particularly well seived. Some of these plaster surfaces were hundreds of years old, yet had survived well.
lime 1 part
stone dust 1 part
sand 1 part
1 teacup of seived wood ash
Wood ash as pozzolan is not problematic in the Barbados climate, due to the constant heat. (Wood ash generally absorbs water, and in for example the damp cold English Winters, would ruin the plasterwork).
I examined plaster on a number of ancient buildings around the island over the course of my stay, and all the plaster observed had traces of wood ash clearly visible, sometimes not even particularly well seived. Some of these plaster surfaces were hundreds of years old, yet had survived well.
K.K.N.I. Bye Laws 1838 re: Graveyard
KAAL KADOSH NIDHE ISRAEL (K.K.N.I.)
1838
BYE LAWS
XXII
THAT NO DECEASED PERSON OF THE HEBREW PERSUASION, WHATSOEVER, SHALL BE DEPRIVED OF ALL THE RITES AND HONORS OF INTERNMENT, AND ALL CONNECTED THEREWITH, SAVE AND EXCEPT HE OR SHE HAVE BEEN GUILTY OF SUICIDE (SO DECIDED BY A CORONER'S INQUEST), OR IN ANY CASE WHEREIN HE OR SHE HAVE VIOLATED OUR FUNDAMENTAL JEWISH LAWS, WHICH VIOLATION SHALL BE DETERMINED ON BY THE OPINION OF THE CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS; NOR SHALL ANY ASCABAH BE SAID IN SYNAGOGUE, NOTWITHSTANDING THE SAID PERSON SO DYING MAY HAVE A LEGADO ALREADY PAID. BUT SHOULD SUCH A PERSON OR PERSONS AT ANY TIME ANNOUNCE TO THE WARDEN A DESIRE TO EVINCE CONTRITION, AND REPENT WITH HEARTFELT PENITENCE THEIR PAST TRANSGRESSIONS, THE WARDEN IS, NEVERTHELESS, HEREBY BOUND TO ATTEND TO SUCH AN APPEAL AND TO DIRECT THE OFFICERS OF THE CONGREGATION ACCORDINGLY.
XXIV
THAT NO GRAVE SHALL BE OPENED UNTIL THE ONE IMMEDIATELY PRECEEDING IT SHALL BE FILLED UP; NOR SHALL THE RIGHT OF BEING INTERRED NEXT TO ANY RELATIVE OR FRIEND BE GRANTED TO ANY INDIVIDUAL SAVE AND EXCEPT ON THE DEATH OF EITHER HUSBAND OR WIFE, AND THE SURVIVOR SHOULD WISH TO BE BURIED NEXT TO THE DECEASED, HE OR SHE SHALL PAY UNTO THE WARDEN, FOR THE USE OF THE CONGREGATION, THE SUM OF TWO POUNDS TEN SHILLINGS, CURRENT MONEY OF THIS ISLAND, IN CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, THE NEXT GRAVE SHALL BE RESERVED FOR HIS OR HER BURIAL PLACE.
XXV
SHOULD ANY PERSON POSSESSING SUCH RIGHT AS AFORESAID, DIE OFF THE ISLAND, THE GRAVE SHALL NOT BE TRANSFERRED, BUT SHALL REVERT TO THE SYNAGOGUE.
1838
BYE LAWS
XXII
THAT NO DECEASED PERSON OF THE HEBREW PERSUASION, WHATSOEVER, SHALL BE DEPRIVED OF ALL THE RITES AND HONORS OF INTERNMENT, AND ALL CONNECTED THEREWITH, SAVE AND EXCEPT HE OR SHE HAVE BEEN GUILTY OF SUICIDE (SO DECIDED BY A CORONER'S INQUEST), OR IN ANY CASE WHEREIN HE OR SHE HAVE VIOLATED OUR FUNDAMENTAL JEWISH LAWS, WHICH VIOLATION SHALL BE DETERMINED ON BY THE OPINION OF THE CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS; NOR SHALL ANY ASCABAH BE SAID IN SYNAGOGUE, NOTWITHSTANDING THE SAID PERSON SO DYING MAY HAVE A LEGADO ALREADY PAID. BUT SHOULD SUCH A PERSON OR PERSONS AT ANY TIME ANNOUNCE TO THE WARDEN A DESIRE TO EVINCE CONTRITION, AND REPENT WITH HEARTFELT PENITENCE THEIR PAST TRANSGRESSIONS, THE WARDEN IS, NEVERTHELESS, HEREBY BOUND TO ATTEND TO SUCH AN APPEAL AND TO DIRECT THE OFFICERS OF THE CONGREGATION ACCORDINGLY.
XXIV
THAT NO GRAVE SHALL BE OPENED UNTIL THE ONE IMMEDIATELY PRECEEDING IT SHALL BE FILLED UP; NOR SHALL THE RIGHT OF BEING INTERRED NEXT TO ANY RELATIVE OR FRIEND BE GRANTED TO ANY INDIVIDUAL SAVE AND EXCEPT ON THE DEATH OF EITHER HUSBAND OR WIFE, AND THE SURVIVOR SHOULD WISH TO BE BURIED NEXT TO THE DECEASED, HE OR SHE SHALL PAY UNTO THE WARDEN, FOR THE USE OF THE CONGREGATION, THE SUM OF TWO POUNDS TEN SHILLINGS, CURRENT MONEY OF THIS ISLAND, IN CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, THE NEXT GRAVE SHALL BE RESERVED FOR HIS OR HER BURIAL PLACE.
XXV
SHOULD ANY PERSON POSSESSING SUCH RIGHT AS AFORESAID, DIE OFF THE ISLAND, THE GRAVE SHALL NOT BE TRANSFERRED, BUT SHALL REVERT TO THE SYNAGOGUE.
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